While there are many technologies out there, each one is effective for a specific water contamination concern. No single treatment technology works for all. So, when you’re selecting and applying a water treatment system, use great care to make sure it is the right one for your particular situation. Let’s examine some circumstances that can make treatment necessary. Treatment alone may not be enough to guarantee a consistent supply of safe and high quality water. In some cases, such as below-grade wells, structural changes may need to be made to maintain good water quality.

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You may have to treat your well water to make it safe to drink if you draw your water supply from water that is highly vulnerable to contamination – described in Get Acquainted with Your Well; a poorly constructed well or one that cannot be repaired to meet today’s well construction standards; or a source that has periodic episodes of poor water quality.

If any of these situations applies to you, your drinking water may be susceptible to harmful organisms (pathogens such as bacteria, parasites and viruses), chemicals and other changes to your water’s taste, odour and/or appearance.

As you’re learning more about treatment systems, just a reminder: begin with a properly built and maintained well, and have your water tested regularly. Otherwise, you may always be treating a problem, and never resolving it.

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It’s always in your best interest to find out as much as possible about your well. Your local public health unit, Ministry of the Environment (MOE), your Water Well Record (available from MOE), water well drillers, municipal staff, environmental consultants and neighbours may all have useful information. As a well owner, you need to review all this information to see if testing your well water is needed.

Treating highly vulnerable sources can be costly and tricky

Treatment systems can be used on water from most sources in order to make it safe for drinking. However, treating highly vulnerable water sources is usually expensive and difficult, and will require a great deal of your time to make sure the equipment is looked after properly. Contact your local public health unit and/or a water treatment professional when selecting, installing and operating a treatment system.

By contrast, treating water from properly constructed and maintained wells is generally easier, but again the technology used must be selected carefully.

Remember their limitations!

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Here are a few key limitations of treatment systems.

Disinfecting a well with chlorine works against bacteria and many viruses, but cannot be relied upon to kill all parasites. Also, chlorine cannot be relied on to kill tiny organisms embedded inside tiny dirt particles. For water sources that may be contaminated with surface water, an effective filtration treatment will also be needed. There are many treatment systems on the market. Some of these are referred to as point-of-use systems, where the equipment is attached to one faucet. Others are in-line and provide treated water for an entire home. These systems are based on different technologies, ranging from chemical treatment to mechanical treatment (for example, filters to ultra-violet light). Each system has its benefits and limitations.

Heating water to a rolling boil for at least one minute is an effective method for killing harmful organisms. However, it does not remove or neutralize most chemicals and other dissolved contaminants and it is not practical for treating large quantities of water.

For each water treatment system to remain effective, it must be installed, operated and maintained as directed by the manufacturer. In water treatment, there are no shortcuts!

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Method	Uses	Limitations	Comments
Distillation	kills all microbes by heat removes heavy metals and nitrates often used in combination with activated carbon filters	can remove only chemicals (like fluoride, iron or nitrates) with a higher boiling point than water	needs regular de-scaling and weekly disinfecting with bleach or heat can concentrate chemicals with boiling points lower than water in distilled water (like ammonia)
Ultra-Violet	kills bacteria and viruses	needs filtration to remove microbes embedded in dirt particles, including parasites	needs very fine (5 micron pre-filter), slow water flow, and UV lamp must be kept clean
Chlorination	kills bacteria and viruses can be used to remove some forms of iron, as long as water is filtered after chlorination	needs filtration to remove microbes shielded or embedded in dirt particles, including parasites	needs careful handling of chlorine, testing of chlorine levels, and maintenance of dosing pump
Ozonation	kills most microbes, but not cryptosporidium removes organic compounds, including pesticides can be used in combination with activated carbon filters	needs filtration to remove microbes embedded in dirt particles, including parasites	varies in effectiveness depending on application and manufacturer contact your local public health unit for more information
Activated Carbon Contactors	remove small amounts of some chemicals used for removing tastes and odours, and reducing trace levels of organic chemicals (like pesticides)	are not suitable for removing minerals, or larger amounts of chemicals	must be replaced regularly but hard to know when contactors are exhausted can become a dangerous source of bacteria and taste and odour problems
Filters	use ceramic candle filters to remove bacteria and parasites, but not viruses use other filter types to remove sand, sediment, rust and particles use specially rated filters to remove very small particles	need chlorination in addition to ceramic candle filters to remove viruses	need regular maintenance and replacement for proper operation
Greensand Treatment	removes moderate amounts of iron and manganese	is unsuitable for removing microbes	is not easy to operate or maintain needs regular backwash and periodic reactivation with permanganate solution and/or bleach
Reverse Osmosis	removes nitrates, sulphate, hardness, most microbes, dirt particles and small amounts of some pesticides	can result in plugged membranes because of hard water	is costly because of need to replace membrane needs prefiltration and softening of hard water
Softeners	reduce hardness that produces lime deposits on dish-washed items, and gives a starched effect on laundry	are not suitable for removing microbes or most chemicals increase sodium concentration in treated water	need periodic replacement of softener salt and disposal of concentrated salty water

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Please note :
Equipment carrying the National Standards Foundation (NSF certified) trademark has been thoroughly checked for performance and the manufacturing facility is inspected annually. There are several NSF standards. Check for the appropriate NSF standard number for your treatment needs. Consult your local public health unit and reputable expert companies.

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Concern	Cause	Consequences	Options
E.Coli Bacteria Detected	human or animal sewage getting into well	may result in serious illness – of special concern to visitors, infants, seniors and other frail individuals stop using well water	use alternate water supply, and consult your local public health unit for advice
Coliform Bacteria (Total Coliform > 5 Counts)	surface water getting into well	early warning of possible illness	consult your local public health unit for advice inspect and repair well shock chlorinate well if necessary, and retest
Fluoride	naturally occurring mineral in aquifer	high levels can result in mottling of children’s teeth in severe cases, bone defects can occur	test for level avoid fluoride dental treatment and toothpaste, and distill water for drinking or use bottled water if level is very high
Iron	naturally occurring mineral in aquifer	yellow or red cloudy water not hazardous to health can stain plumbing and laundry may increase over time and make well water unusable	use chlorination–filtration consider greensand treatment, and distill water
Iron Bacteria	growth of non-harmful bacteria, creating black slime and particles	well pump failure (overheating), low flow rates may increase over time	shock chlorinate
Pesticides	local spraying, spills	long-term health risk	stop using well water use alternate water supply, and consult local Ministry of the Environment and your local public health unit about treatment options
Fuels (Gasoline, Diesel, Heating Oil)	leaking old storage tank, spills	long-term health risk	stop using well water use alternate water supply, and consult local Ministry of the Environment and your local public health unit about treatment options
Nitrates	nutrient application and septic systems	health risk for infants when nitrate is above 10 ppm	use alternative water supply for drinking and cooking, and use reverse osmosis or distillation
Hydrogen Sulphide	naturally occurring gas, or harmful bacteria that is releasing sulphate	not a health hazard	use chlorination–filtration, and use greensand treatment
Hardness	naturally occurring minerals in aquifer	not a health hazard	add softener, and use an alternative soap and detergent for moderately hard water

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Please note :

• Deep well water quality is not constant and can change over time. Iron and manganese concentrations may increase to unacceptable or untreatable levels. Iron bacteria problems can also become severe enough to force well abandonment.
• Shallow well water quality can change seasonally. Water quality in highly vulnerable wells (less than three metres or 10 feet deep) may change within hours or several days after rainstorms or thaws.

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